These hang out among the mangroves and look very much like the common buckeye.
Junonia genoveva
Junonia genoveva, the common mangrove buckeye or mangrove buckeye, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1780. It is found in South America and possibly into Central America.[1][2] The wingspan is 45–57 mm.
The butterfly is easily confused with Junonia evarete, the tropical buckeye, also found in South America. Not only have the common names mangrove and tropical buckeye been confused, but the two species of butterflies themselves have been sometimes misidentified in past literature. Recent consensus designates Junonia genoveva the mangrove buckeye and Junonia evarete the tropical buckeye. Recent research and reclassification has determined that these species occur in South America.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
The species Junonia neildi, the West Indian mangrove buckeye, was formerly considered a subspecies of Junonia genoveva. Its split from Junonia genoveva leaves Junonia genoveva as a South American species. The only members of the genus Junonia currently found in Florida are Junonia neildi, Junonia coenia, and Junonia zonalis.[8][9][2]
With the reclassification of some Junonia species, the mangrove buckeye Junonia genoveva is confined primarily to South America, and is not found in North America or the Caribbean. The West Indian mangrove buckeye, Junonia neildi, is found in the West Indies, Florida, south Texas, and Mexico. The Pacific mangrove buckeye, Junonia pacoma, is found on the Pacific coast of Mexico. The South American mangrove buckeye, Junonia litoralis, is found along the coast of tropical South America and possibly into Central America.[8][9][2]
Adults feed on flower nectar.
Subspecies
- Junonia genoveva genoveva (Suriname)
- Junonia genoveva constricta (Venezuela, Colombia)
- Junonia genoveva hilaris (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina)
- Junonia genoveva incarnata (Colombia, Venezuela)
- Junonia genoveva infuscata (Ecuador)
- Junonia genoveva michaelisi (Central America, Honduras, Florida (US), Bahamas, Antilles, Puerto Rico)[10]
- Junonia genoveva vivida (Guyana, Suriname)
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J. g. genoveva - MHNT -
J. g. genoveva underside - MHNT
References
- ^ a b R. R. Askew and P. A. van B. Stafford, Butterflies of the Cayman Islands (Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2008) ISBN 978-87-88757-85-9, pp. 46-51
- ^ a b c d Cong, Qian; Zhang, Jing; Shen, Jinhui; Cao, Xiaolong; et al. (2020). "Speciation in North American Junonia from a genomic perspective". Systematic Entomology. 45 (4): 803–837. Bibcode:2020SysEn..45..803C. doi:10.1111/syen.12428. PMC 8570557. PMID 34744257.
- ^ Calhoun, John C. (2010). "The Identities of Papilio evarete Cramer and Papilio genoveva Cramer (Nymphalidae), with Notes on the Occurrence of Junonia evarete in Florida" (PDF). News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 52 (2): 47–51.
- ^ Neild, A. F. E. (2008). The butterflies of Venezuela. Part 2: Nymphalidae II (Acraeinae, Libytheinae, Nymphalinae, Ithomiinae, Morphinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Meridian Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9527657-1-4.
- ^ Warren, A. D.; Davis, K. J.; Stangeland, E. M.; Pelham, J. P.; Grishin, N. V. (2017). "Illustrated Lists of American Butterflies (North and South America) 21-XI-2017".
- ^ "Genus Junonia - Buckeyes". BugGuide. Retrieved 24 Jan 2019.
- ^ "Butterflies and Moths of North America". Retrieved 24 Jan 2019.
- ^ a b Lalonde, Melanie M. L.; Marcus, Jeffrey M. (2019). "Entomological time travel: reconstructing the invasion history of the buckeye butterflies (genus Junonia) from Florida, USA". Biol Invasions. 21 (6): 1947–1972. Bibcode:2019BiInv..21.1947L. doi:10.1007/s10530-019-01948-4. S2CID 71146664.
- ^ a b Lalonde, Melanie; McCullagh, Bonnie; Marcus, Jeffrey (2018). "The Taxonomy and Population Structure of the Buckeye Butterflies (Genus Junonia , Nymphalidae: Nymphalini) of Florida, USA". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 72 (2): 97–115. doi:10.18473/lepi.v72i2.a2. S2CID 91121748.
- ^ Pėrez-Asso, A., Genaro, J. A. & Garrido, O. H. 2009. Las Mariposas de Puerto Rico. Editorial Cocuyo.
External links
- "Junonia genoveva (Cramer, 1782)". Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the French Antilles. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
- Noctuidae of North America