Iris virginica
Iris virginica, with the common name Virginia blueflag,[2] Virginia iris, great blue flag, or southern blue flag,[4] is a perennial species of flowering plant in the Iridaceae (iris) family, native to central and eastern North America.
It was identified as a separate species by Edgar Anderson, and is one of the three Iris species in Anderson's Iris flower data set, used by Ronald Fisher in his 1936 paper "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems" as an example of linear discriminant analysis.[5][6]
Description
Iris virginica is a perennial plant that grows up to 0.6–0.9 m (2–3 ft) tall. The plant's sword-shaped basal leaves are erect or sometimes arching and measure up to 91 cm (3 ft) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) across at the base. The leaves have smooth margins and are bluish green to green and glabrous. Unbranched or sparingly branched flowering stalks rise from the basal leaves to a height of up to 0.6–0.9 m (2–3 ft). Small, alternate leaves are located on the stalks, with 1 to 2 flowers emerging from the axil of each of these leaves on pedicels that are 3–13 cm (1–5 in) long.[7]
The flowers, which bloom May to July, are blue to blue-violet and are a typical iris shape. Each flower has 3 drooping sepals, called "falls", that have white marks and yellow near the throat, and 3 upright petals, called "standards". Flowers measure 3–13 cm (1–5 in) across.[8][9]
Distribution and habitat
Iris virginica is native in the United States from Nebraska to the west, Florida and Texas to the south, New York to the east, and the Canadian border to the north. In Canada, it is native in Ontario and Quebec.[2] It grows in wet areas, sometimes in shallow water, including marshes, wet meadows, swamps, river bottoms, sloughs, ditches, bottomland prairies, edges of sinkhole ponds, and in shallow water.[10]
Uses
The Cherokee use this medicinal plant for traditional medicinal uses. The root is pounded into a paste that is used as a salve for the skin. An infusion made from the root is used to treat ailments of the liver, and a decoction of the root is used to treat "yellowish urine".[11][12]
It may be one of the Iris species used by the Seminole to treat "shock following alligator-bite".[13]
Iris virginica is one of three iris species in Ronald Fisher's Iris flower data set.
References
- ^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Iris virginica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64315090A67729761. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64315090A67729761.en. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ a b c NatureServe (30 June 2023). "Iris virginica". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Iris virginica". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 April 2015 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
- ^ R. A. Fisher (1936). "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems" (PDF). Annals of Eugenics. 7 (2): 179–188. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x. hdl:2440/15227. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-12. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
- ^ Kleinman, Kim (1999). "His Own Synthesis: Corn, Edgar Anderson, and Evolutionary Theory in the 1940s". Journal of the History of Biology. 32 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1023/A:1004424810841. ISSN 0022-5010. JSTOR 4331526. S2CID 126829834. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ "Blue Flag Iris (Iris virginica shrevei)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info.
- ^ "Iris virginica (Southern Blueflag): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info.
- ^ "Iris virginica (Southern Blue Flag Iris) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu.
- ^ "Southern Blue Flag (Virginia Iris)". Missouri Department of Conservation.
- ^ The University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Iris virginica
- ^ Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 41)
- ^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov.